1 June 27, 2023
Articles
1. Artyom Yu. Peretyatko
Teaching Methods based on Religion: to the Question of Teaching the Law of God in the Russian Empire
History and Historians in the Context of the Time. 2023. 32(1): 3-21.
Number of views: 62 Download in PDF
2. Aleksandr A. CherkasovHistory and Historians in the Context of the Time. 2023. 32(1): 3-21.
Abstract:
The article is devoted to the analysis of specific religious pedagogy that arose in connection with the teaching of the Law of God in the Russian Empire. The author comes to the conclusion that this religious pedagogy was distinguished from secular pedagogy by a number of features, first of all: a) The authors of the programs and methodologists appealed not to scientific, but to transcendental factors: references to the Holy Scriptures or the decisions of ecumenical councils act as evidence of the correctness of this or that thesis; b) The training was not aimed at education, or even at upbringing, but at missionary activity, at the formation of an Orthodox Christian. These features were not external, but essential: they posed tasks to the law teacher that, in principle, did not relate to the sphere of secular pedagogy. Thus, it was assumed that the law teacher would develop/transform the student's personality in such a way that the Orthodox faith would become for him a natural and organic expression of inner life (i.e., it would be considered by the student himself not as an external model, but as a reflection of his own spiritual motives and desires). However, the authors of programs and textbooks, formulating such tasks before the law teacher, did not offer specific methods for their solution. The methodological recommendations were mainly reduced to the fact that the lesson can take the form of a “pastoral conversation”, the teacher leading the Law of God, first of all, needs to believe himself, etc. As a result, by the beginning of the XX century, the teaching of the Law of God was mostly conducted archaically, and even the law teachers themselves in some cases advocated “the convergence of spiritual education and upbringing with the general humanitarian educational paradigm”.
The article is devoted to the analysis of specific religious pedagogy that arose in connection with the teaching of the Law of God in the Russian Empire. The author comes to the conclusion that this religious pedagogy was distinguished from secular pedagogy by a number of features, first of all: a) The authors of the programs and methodologists appealed not to scientific, but to transcendental factors: references to the Holy Scriptures or the decisions of ecumenical councils act as evidence of the correctness of this or that thesis; b) The training was not aimed at education, or even at upbringing, but at missionary activity, at the formation of an Orthodox Christian. These features were not external, but essential: they posed tasks to the law teacher that, in principle, did not relate to the sphere of secular pedagogy. Thus, it was assumed that the law teacher would develop/transform the student's personality in such a way that the Orthodox faith would become for him a natural and organic expression of inner life (i.e., it would be considered by the student himself not as an external model, but as a reflection of his own spiritual motives and desires). However, the authors of programs and textbooks, formulating such tasks before the law teacher, did not offer specific methods for their solution. The methodological recommendations were mainly reduced to the fact that the lesson can take the form of a “pastoral conversation”, the teacher leading the Law of God, first of all, needs to believe himself, etc. As a result, by the beginning of the XX century, the teaching of the Law of God was mostly conducted archaically, and even the law teachers themselves in some cases advocated “the convergence of spiritual education and upbringing with the general humanitarian educational paradigm”.
Number of views: 62 Download in PDF
The Story of a Saboteur: in Memory of Petr Pavlovich Cherkasov (1912–1942)
History and Historians in the Context of the Time. 2023. 32(1): 22-35.
Number of views: 67 Download in PDF
3. Nicholas W. MitiukovHistory and Historians in the Context of the Time. 2023. 32(1): 22-35.
Abstract:
The paper attempts to describe the combat path of Petr Pavlovich Cherkasov (1912–1942) during the Second World War. The archival documents (Russian and Finnish archives) are used as sources, most of which are being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, as well as materials of personal origin. The author comes to the conclusion that the fighting path of Pyotr Pavlovich Cherkasov during the Second World War was associated with the partisan detachment “Battle Cry”, which was part of the Karelian Front. Petr Cherkasov was mobilized to this unit on July 23, 1941. From August to December 1941 Petr Pavlovich Cherkasov took part in five reconnaissance and sabotage operations behind the front line. During the fifth operation, a group of partisans on December 12, 1941, behind the front line, near the Karelian village of Kiisjoki, ran into a Finnish patrol and hastily retreated. For most of the partisan group, the task was over, and it headed to the place of permanent deployment. However, due to the urgency of the retreat from the group, partisan Petr Pavlovich Cherkasov lagged behind, for whom his main service on December 12, 1941 was just beginning. Not finding his group's ski tracks (it had been snowing all day), he took advantage of the expedition rule not to go far from the place of the last meeting and began to hope for the return of the partisan group. Without food and fire, alone, in a snow-covered forest, at extremely low temperatures, Petr Cherkasov carried out his service for a long 12 days. It was a confrontation between man and nature in the harsh conditions of the Far North. Every such day required superhuman efforts and high morale, and this despite the fact that the village occupied by the enemy was in close proximity. Overcoming hunger, Petr Cherkasov continued to hope for help, for fellow soldiers, but they never came. On the 9th – 11th days, a thaw began, which was replaced by severe frosts. In all probability, it was after the thaw that Petr Cherkasov got frostbite on his hands, which deprived him of the opportunity to get food. In such conditions, further confrontation with nature has become impossible. On the 13th day, in a state of moderate injury, Petr Cherkasov came out of the forest and was captured. His further fate was predictable. According to the norms of international law, the partisans were not soldiers of the Red Army and the Geneva Convention on Prisoners of War did not apply to them. As a result, Petr Cherkasov was accused of espionage and shot on January 20, 1942.
The paper attempts to describe the combat path of Petr Pavlovich Cherkasov (1912–1942) during the Second World War. The archival documents (Russian and Finnish archives) are used as sources, most of which are being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, as well as materials of personal origin. The author comes to the conclusion that the fighting path of Pyotr Pavlovich Cherkasov during the Second World War was associated with the partisan detachment “Battle Cry”, which was part of the Karelian Front. Petr Cherkasov was mobilized to this unit on July 23, 1941. From August to December 1941 Petr Pavlovich Cherkasov took part in five reconnaissance and sabotage operations behind the front line. During the fifth operation, a group of partisans on December 12, 1941, behind the front line, near the Karelian village of Kiisjoki, ran into a Finnish patrol and hastily retreated. For most of the partisan group, the task was over, and it headed to the place of permanent deployment. However, due to the urgency of the retreat from the group, partisan Petr Pavlovich Cherkasov lagged behind, for whom his main service on December 12, 1941 was just beginning. Not finding his group's ski tracks (it had been snowing all day), he took advantage of the expedition rule not to go far from the place of the last meeting and began to hope for the return of the partisan group. Without food and fire, alone, in a snow-covered forest, at extremely low temperatures, Petr Cherkasov carried out his service for a long 12 days. It was a confrontation between man and nature in the harsh conditions of the Far North. Every such day required superhuman efforts and high morale, and this despite the fact that the village occupied by the enemy was in close proximity. Overcoming hunger, Petr Cherkasov continued to hope for help, for fellow soldiers, but they never came. On the 9th – 11th days, a thaw began, which was replaced by severe frosts. In all probability, it was after the thaw that Petr Cherkasov got frostbite on his hands, which deprived him of the opportunity to get food. In such conditions, further confrontation with nature has become impossible. On the 13th day, in a state of moderate injury, Petr Cherkasov came out of the forest and was captured. His further fate was predictable. According to the norms of international law, the partisans were not soldiers of the Red Army and the Geneva Convention on Prisoners of War did not apply to them. As a result, Petr Cherkasov was accused of espionage and shot on January 20, 1942.
Number of views: 67 Download in PDF
The Memories of N.M. Glazunov, Assistant Captain of the Propaganda Steamer “Krasnaya Zvezda” about N.K. Krupskaya during a Voyage along the Volga and Kama in 1919
History and Historians in the Context of the Time. 2023. 32(1): 36-47.
Number of views: 63 Download in PDF
4. Aleksandr A. CherkasovHistory and Historians in the Context of the Time. 2023. 32(1): 36-47.
Abstract:
In the archival fund of the Department for Archives of the Administration of the Sarapul city there is a file entitled “Memoirs of Nikolai Mikhailovich Glazunov, the assistant captain of the Red Star, about a trip along the Volga and Kama of the government commission with [People's] Commissar V.M. Molotov and a member of the People's Commissariat of Education N.K. Krupskaya in 1919. 18.04.1967”. The case is in the fund of Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Reshetov (1920–1988), a correspondent of the newspaper “Udmurtskaya Pravd”a. From which it can be concluded that N.M. Glazunov sent his materials to the newspaper. The published material is a manuscript by N.M. Glazunov with an editorial edit made, apparently, by the editorial office of the newspaper. The memoirist primarily tells about his meetings on board the steamer “Krasnaya Zvezda” with N.K. Krupskaya. Despite the necessary sets of ideological stamps of that time, the manuscript contains a number of interesting points concerning the stay of N.K. Krupskaya on the ship, her relationship with the team of the “Red Star” and performances in the cities visited. Since by the time of writing the manuscript V.M. Molotov was removed from all his posts, his participation in the campaign flight, apparently, was severely reduced by the author, although the memoirist did not dare to completely remove references to him. The manuscript has inserts, obviously, from earlier versions, probably written by the author for speeches to young people, and some materials dedicated to the death of N.K. Krupskaya in 1939.
In the archival fund of the Department for Archives of the Administration of the Sarapul city there is a file entitled “Memoirs of Nikolai Mikhailovich Glazunov, the assistant captain of the Red Star, about a trip along the Volga and Kama of the government commission with [People's] Commissar V.M. Molotov and a member of the People's Commissariat of Education N.K. Krupskaya in 1919. 18.04.1967”. The case is in the fund of Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Reshetov (1920–1988), a correspondent of the newspaper “Udmurtskaya Pravd”a. From which it can be concluded that N.M. Glazunov sent his materials to the newspaper. The published material is a manuscript by N.M. Glazunov with an editorial edit made, apparently, by the editorial office of the newspaper. The memoirist primarily tells about his meetings on board the steamer “Krasnaya Zvezda” with N.K. Krupskaya. Despite the necessary sets of ideological stamps of that time, the manuscript contains a number of interesting points concerning the stay of N.K. Krupskaya on the ship, her relationship with the team of the “Red Star” and performances in the cities visited. Since by the time of writing the manuscript V.M. Molotov was removed from all his posts, his participation in the campaign flight, apparently, was severely reduced by the author, although the memoirist did not dare to completely remove references to him. The manuscript has inserts, obviously, from earlier versions, probably written by the author for speeches to young people, and some materials dedicated to the death of N.K. Krupskaya in 1939.
Number of views: 63 Download in PDF
Cherkasovs (Keretskys): Aleksei Pavlovich Cherkasov's Combat Path during the Second World War
History and Historians in the Context of the Time. 2023. 32(1): 48-63.
Number of views: 73 Download in PDF
History and Historians in the Context of the Time. 2023. 32(1): 48-63.
Abstract:
The paper attempts to restore the military path of Aleksei Pavlovich Cherkasov (1910–1969), a representative of the Cherkasov family from Kereti. The research source base is represented by the materials of the Central Archive of the Ministry of Defense (Podolsk, Russian Federation), the National Archive of the Republic of Karelia (Petrozavodsk, Russian Federation) and the State Archive of the Murmansk Region (Murmansk, Russian Federation). The collections of published documents and materials of personal origin were also involved in the study. In conclusion, the author states that the combat path of Aleksei Pavlovich Cherkasov during the Great Patriotic War was formed taking into account the specific combat situation at the front. So, in the initial period of the war, when all available human resources were sent to the front line in order to stop the enemy's advance, Aleksei Pavlovich Cherkasov in 1941 got to the front. At first, he fights as part of a consolidated fighter battalion, and later as part of the 24th Motorized Rifle Regiment. In these units, as a squad commander, he participates, among other things, in the defense of Petrozavodsk and receives the first wound. After the front was stabilized in early 1942, Aleksei Pavlovich Cherkasov received an officer's rank in the quartermaster service and was transferred to the head of the divisional (114th Rifle Division) bakery, and in December 1942, the head of the administrative and economic part of the same division. In June 1944, in connection with the transition of the Red Army to a counteroffensive in Karelia, Aleksei Pavlovich Cherkasov was transferred to the headquarters of the 7th Separate Army and on July 1, 1944, while in the combat zone, he was seriously wounded in the leg. After 3 months of hospital treatment, the quartermaster technician of the 1st rank Aleksei Pavlovich Cherkasov was demobilized from the Red Army and returned to civil service in the People's Commissariat of the Fishing Industry of the Karelo-Finnish SSR.
The paper attempts to restore the military path of Aleksei Pavlovich Cherkasov (1910–1969), a representative of the Cherkasov family from Kereti. The research source base is represented by the materials of the Central Archive of the Ministry of Defense (Podolsk, Russian Federation), the National Archive of the Republic of Karelia (Petrozavodsk, Russian Federation) and the State Archive of the Murmansk Region (Murmansk, Russian Federation). The collections of published documents and materials of personal origin were also involved in the study. In conclusion, the author states that the combat path of Aleksei Pavlovich Cherkasov during the Great Patriotic War was formed taking into account the specific combat situation at the front. So, in the initial period of the war, when all available human resources were sent to the front line in order to stop the enemy's advance, Aleksei Pavlovich Cherkasov in 1941 got to the front. At first, he fights as part of a consolidated fighter battalion, and later as part of the 24th Motorized Rifle Regiment. In these units, as a squad commander, he participates, among other things, in the defense of Petrozavodsk and receives the first wound. After the front was stabilized in early 1942, Aleksei Pavlovich Cherkasov received an officer's rank in the quartermaster service and was transferred to the head of the divisional (114th Rifle Division) bakery, and in December 1942, the head of the administrative and economic part of the same division. In June 1944, in connection with the transition of the Red Army to a counteroffensive in Karelia, Aleksei Pavlovich Cherkasov was transferred to the headquarters of the 7th Separate Army and on July 1, 1944, while in the combat zone, he was seriously wounded in the leg. After 3 months of hospital treatment, the quartermaster technician of the 1st rank Aleksei Pavlovich Cherkasov was demobilized from the Red Army and returned to civil service in the People's Commissariat of the Fishing Industry of the Karelo-Finnish SSR.
Number of views: 73 Download in PDF
Letters to the Editorial Board
5. Anastasiya V. Zueva
The Site “Historical Materials” as an Electronic Database of Archival Documents on the Example of NKVD Materials
History and Historians in the Context of the Time. 2023. 32(1): 64-66.
Number of views: 55 Download in PDF
6. History and Historians in the Context of the Time. 2023. 32(1): 64-66.
Abstract:
For research works on historical disciplines involving such complex and myth-surrounded structures as the NKVD, KGB, All-Russian Extraordinary Commission and the Ministry of Internal Affairs, real historical materials, archival sources are required, which, due to their geographical location, are not available to every researcher. In this case, Internet resources come to the rescue, among which the site “Historical Materials” stands out, which is a collection of periodically replenished databases of archival sources of the Soviet period, as well as revolutionary events of the Paris Commune. To study this site, the sections were viewed and the interface was studied, as well as the components of the published documents and collections were analyzed.
For research works on historical disciplines involving such complex and myth-surrounded structures as the NKVD, KGB, All-Russian Extraordinary Commission and the Ministry of Internal Affairs, real historical materials, archival sources are required, which, due to their geographical location, are not available to every researcher. In this case, Internet resources come to the rescue, among which the site “Historical Materials” stands out, which is a collection of periodically replenished databases of archival sources of the Soviet period, as well as revolutionary events of the Paris Commune. To study this site, the sections were viewed and the interface was studied, as well as the components of the published documents and collections were analyzed.
Number of views: 55 Download in PDF